LAB EXERCISE THREE

Briefly describe the general characteristics of cartilage.

Specifically describe the characteristics of hyaline cartilage.

Specifically describe the characteristics of elastic cartilage.

Specifically describe the characteristics of fibrocartilage.

Distinguish between interstitial and appositional growth in cartilage.

Distinguish between growth in cartilage and bone.

The cartilages are avascular and receive their nutrients from the perichondrium and eliminate their wastes through the perichondrium.  The nutrients diffuse from capillaries in the perichondrium into the matrix of the cartilage and the wastes diffuse from the chondrocytes in the matrix to the capillaries of the perichondrium.  Explain how this effect the repair process when cartilage is damaged.

Osseous tissue contains a matrix that does not allow diffusion to occur.  Instead it has a series of passageways that allows the movement of materials quickly from the capillaries to the osteocytes and wastes from the osteocytes to the capillaries.  Briefly describe this system, starting from the nutrient foramen and going to the osteocytes and back.  Also, discuss how this system allows bone to heal much faster than cartilage.

Discuss the role of the periosteum in bone growth and maintenance.

Discuss the role of the endosteum in bone growth and maintenance.

Draw a diagram showing the steps of endochondral ossification.

Draw a diagram showing the steps of intermembranous ossification.

Discuss how growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate and draw a simple diagram showing the structure of the epiphyseal plate.

Discuss the process of bone remodeling.  Name the cells involved in the process and pay attention to the role of the endosteum and periosteum in this process.

EXAMINATION OF HYALINE CARTILAGE

Obtain a hyaline cartilage slide and examine it under 10x and 40x power.  Draw what you see below:

Label the following:  chondrocytes, lacunae, perichondrium, and matrix. 

What type of connective tissue is the perichondrium?

Where would one find hyaline cartilage and what is its role in these areas?

EXAMINATION OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE

Obtain an elastic cartilage slide and examine it under 10x and 40x power.  Draw what you see below:

Label the following:  chondrocytes, lacunae, perichondrium, and matrix. 

Where would one find elastic cartilage and what is its role in these areas?

EXAMINATION OF FIBROCARTILAGE

Obtain a fibrocartilage slide and examine it under 10x and 40x power.  Draw what you see below:

Label the following:  chondrocytes, lacunae, perichondrium, and matrix. 

Where would one find fibrocartilage and what is its role in these areas?

EXAMINATION OF BONY TISSUE

Obtain a slide of compact bone and examine it under 10x and 40x.

Label the following structures:  Osteon/Haversion system, Haversion/central canal, canaliculi, osteocytes, concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae, and circumferential lamellae.

BONE FORMATION

Form two piles of bones at your station.  Place examples of bones formed by endochondral ossification in the first and bones formed by intermembranous ossification in the second.

Draw a diagram illustrating each of these types of bone formation.

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

Gather at least one of each of the following bone types:  long bone, short bone, sesamoid bone, irregular bone and flat bone.

AXIAL VS APPENDICULAR SKELETON

List the bones that belong to the appendicular skeleton and note the bone type of each.  Also note whether they develop by intermembranous or endochondral ossification.  Refer to the functions of bones found on pages 175 and 176 of your text and determine which of these functions each bone might perform.

BONE MARKINGS

Find examples of each of these projections, depressions or openings:  tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process, head, facet, condyle, ramus, groove, fissure, foramen, notch, canal, meatus, sinus, and fossa.

LONG BONE STRUCTURE

Find the following structures on a long bone:  epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysic, epiphyseal plate (on x-ray), epiphyseal line (on X-ray), spongy bone, compact bone, medullary cavity and nutrient foramen.

FLAT BONE STRUCTURE

Obtain an example of a flat bone and examine the arrangement of spongy bone found between two layers of compact bone.  This arrangement is called diploe.

HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES

List the bones that are usually the sites of hematopoiesis in the adult human.

THESE MATERIALS WILL BE ON THE FIRST LAB PRACTICAL.